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Effects of SGLT2i therapy on cardiac electrophysiological properties and arrhythmias in diabetic patients with implantable cardiac defibrillator

Abstract

Sodium-glucose-transporter-2-inhibitors (SGLT2i) reduce ventricular-tachycardia (VT) and cardiac deaths in diabetic patients with internal-cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) and/or cardiac-resynchronization-therapy (CRT). SGLT2i might improve cardiac electrophysiological-properties, reducing inflammation and sympathetic tone. We evaluated SGLT2i effects on lead-parameters, arrhythmias, ICDs’ interventions, and heart failure (HF) hospitalizations and cardiac deaths in diabetics at 1 year of follow-up. At 1 year of follow-up, 334 SGLT2i-users vs. 794 non-users patients had lower heart rate, best clinical status, lowest B-type-natriuretic-peptide (BNP) and N-terminal pro-BNP, and inflammatory markers and catecholamines (p < 0.05). SGLT2i-users vs. non-users showed cardiac remodeling and increased cardiac pump (p < 0.05), significant reduction of right-ventricle (RV) and left-ventricle (LV) pacing, increase of RV/LV impedance and sensing at follow-up end (p < 0.05). C-reactive-protein (CRP) inversely linked to RV sensing and linearly to RV pacing. CRP and tumor-necrosis-alpha (TNFa) inversely linked to RV and shock impedance (p < 0.05). At follow-up end, SGLT2i-users vs. non-users showed lower rate of VT (36 (10.8 %) vs. 138 (17.4 %)), inappropriate-shocks (32 (9.6 %) vs. 118 (14.9 %)), HF hospitalizations (50 (15.0 %) vs. 216 (27.2 %)), and cardiac deaths (10 (3.0 %) vs. 53 (6.7 %)), (p < 0.05). BNP (HR 1.101, CI 95 % 1.000–1.305), CRP (HR 1.034, CI 95 % 1.007–1.061), and SGLT2i (HR 0.592, CI 95 % 0.410–0.854) predicted VT; SGLT2i (HR 0.611, CI 95 % 0.413–0.903) predicted inappropriate-shocks; BNP (HR 1.012, CI 95 % 1.001–1.040) predicted appropriate-shocks. CRP (HR 1.102, 1.077–1.127), ischemic cardiomyopathy (HR 1.284, CI 95 % 1.14–1.870), and SGLT2i (HR 0.497, CI 95 % 0.365–0.677) predicted HF-hospitalizations. SGLT2i (HR 0.677, CI 95 % 0.222–0.860) predicted cardiac deaths. SGLT2i improve electrophysiological-properties and reduce arrhythmias in diabetics with ICD/CRT.

Introduction

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure (HF) have an elevated risk of arrhythmic events and worse prognosis [1]. For these patients, the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the mainstay of treatment [2]. Indeed, the ICD could treat ventricular arrhythmias and prevent cardiac deaths [2]. Despite this, T2DM patients with ICD have still poor prognosis [3]. Indeed, T2DM could favor ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac deaths, via over- inflammation and sympathetic tone dysfunction [4]. These effects increase the intra-myocardial fluid accumulation and cause abnormalities in cardiac ionic currents and action potentials [5]. Notably, the ICD interrogation could provide information regarding arrhythmic events, and shocks, and monitor the sensing, pacing, and impedance leads parameters [5]. These parameters could reflect the cardiac electrophysiological properties and report information about the electrical and functional properties of cardiac cells [5]. These parameters are correlated to serum inflammation and to worse clinical outcomes [5]. In this context, the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are anti-T2DM and anti-HF medications with pleiotropic effects and anti-arrhythmic properties [6]. Indeed, SGLT2i could reduce arrhythmic events in T2DM patients treated with ICDs and/or cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator (CRTd), [6]. Intriguingly, the SGLT2i could exert cardio-protective effects by modulating inflammatory stress and sympathetic tone activity [7], [8]. Notably, the SGLT2i could stabilize the cardiac action potentials and significantly reduce ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac deaths in T2DM patients [9]. Furthermore, we might speculate that SGLT2i might lead to anti-arrhythmic effects in T2DM patients with ICD/CRTd, by improving the cardiac electrophysiological properties. The amelioration of cardiac electrophysiological properties might be due to the reduction of inflammatory burden and the modulation of sympathetic tone. These effects might consequently reduce ventricular arrhythmic events and ICD interventions, and lead to the best clinical outcomes. On the other hand, this study hypothesis has not been fully investigated before. Thus, to address this study hypothesis, here we investigated the effects of SGLT2i on the cardiac electrophysiological properties, at baseline and at 1 year of follow-up, in T2DM patients with ICD/CRTd treated with SGLT2i (SGLT2i-users) versus those not receiving SGLT2i therapy (non-SGLT2i users), by interrogation of implanted cardiac devices. Then, we investigated in the SGLT2i-users vs. non-SGLT2i users the serum inflammatory cellular and biomarkers expression, and the sympathetic tone activity, via heart rate (HR) and serum catecholamines values, at baseline and at 1 year of follow-up. Finally, we evaluated the events of sustained ventricular arrhythmias, ICD shocks, HF hospitalizations, and cardiac deaths in these cohorts of patients at 1 year of follow-up.

Autori

Celestino Sardua, b, Maria Consiglia Trottac, Ludovica Vittoria Marfellaa, Giovambattista D’Amicoc, Carmine La Marcad, Ciro Mauroe, Matteo Santamariab, Valerio Giordanof, Fabrizio Turrizianig, Concetta Rafanielloc, Ferdinando Carlo Sassoa, Paolo Calabroh, Carmine Pizzii, Raffaele Marfellaa, Annalisa Capuanoc, Giuseppe Paolissoa, j

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